Quantum Computing

Traditional computers process information by manipulating numbers stored in silicon
chips as “bits.” Each bit can represent either a 1 or a 0. These computers rely on a
central processing unit (CPU), which consists of circuits of bits that interpret program
instructions and execute arithmetic and logic operations.

A supercomputer consists of multiple CPUs. Unlike traditional computers,
supercomputers can operate on pairs of numbers instead of just individual pairs. Due to
the fundamental speed limit of electronic signals, which cannot travel faster than the
speed of light, there are inherent limitations in transmission and circuit switching. This
limit has nearly been reached thanks to the miniaturization of circuit components, the
significant reduction in the length of wires connecting circuit boards, and advancements
in cooling techniques.

A quantum computer is based on quantum mechanics, which explains how tiny objects
simultaneously exhibit characteristics of both particles (subatomic pieces of matter) and
waves (that transform energy). Quantum mechanics, and thus quantum computers, defy
common sense.

Quantum bits, or “qubits,” behave differently than traditional bits. In the quantum world,
an object can act like two distinct entities (wave and particle) simultaneously when it is
either subatomic or near absolute zero. This property allows scientists to create a qubit
representing a subatomic combination of 1 and 0. As a result, two qubits can collectively
represent four waves and four particles at the same time. As the number of qubits
increases, the power of a quantum computer grows exponentially.

A quantum computer does not require a nuclear source to function. Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR) allows molecular spin cycles of nuclei controlled with lasers or
microwave radiation to operate a quantum computer.

Currently, quantum computers tend to make a significant number of mistakes. However,
a scientific breakthrough may be on the horizon. By increasing the number of qubits, a
complex analysis can be developed to reduce the number of errors. When